Aluminum is not part of our body. We are mostly composed of oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. We also have trace amounts of calcium, phosphorous, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, and very, very trace amounts of what are considered non-essential elements, though researchers believe they may have a biological component: silicon, boron, nickel, vanadium, and even lead. And if you want to get very technical, our body weight is also composed of essential elements such as iodine (.000016%) molybdenum (.000013%), and chromium (.0000024%). There are other extremely trace amounts of essential elements, but aluminum is not one of them. (http://www.livescience.com/3505-chemistry-life-human-body.html)
Since the mid 1960's, the U.S. has been experimenting with weather control by spraying deflective particles, partially composed of aluminum, into the atmosphere. Today, geoengineering efforts to prevent global warming allow for more spraying of these chemical cocktails. Visit this website to see videos and read more: http://www.geoengineeringwatch.org/
This Scientific American article gives a recent historical timeline of geoengineering. You can also search the journal's database for other geonengineering research-based articles. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/geoengineering-worldwide-rules-regulations-timeline/
People have tried to find details on the exact make-up of the chemical cocktail of contrails being sprayed into the atmosphere around the globe. This website documents the back and forth of an individual trying to gain information about this through the Freedom of Information Act, but the Department of Energy and Climate Change refused to answer his questions: https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/geoengineering
In 2008, California's water supplies were tested after several weeks of contrails were sprayed in the sky above. Water levels showed over 4,000 times the maximum contaminant level of aluminum. Another water supply filled with filtered water and previously shown to contain zero aluminum, tested almost 400 times the maximum contaminant level of aluminum after 18 months of aerial spraying. http://www.viewzone.com/chemtrails.html
Here's the best thing you can read all day: One of a handful of patents made on the best chemical concoction to spray in the sky and fight global warming with. The number 12 ingredient is aluminum oxide. Everything else looks pretty scary too. http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=5003186.PN.&OS=PN/5003186&RS=PN/5003186
What are the side effects of all this extra aluminum exposure? Since it would be unethical to systematically inject a sample of humans with large amounts of aluminum and take notes, we have to take notice of circumstantial evidence, studies of the effects of aluminum on animals in controlled studies, and correlations between aluminum exposure and disease in humans.
Elevated levels of aluminum are found in the brain tissue of elderly patients who die with Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Although it is natural to have somewhat elevated aluminum levels as we age, studies have shown patients with AD have much more.
(Aluminum levels in brain in Alzheimer's disease. Trapp, George A; Miner, G. D.; Zimmerman, R. L.; Mastri, A. R.; Heston, L. L. Biological Psychiatry, Vol 13(6), Dec 1978, 709-718).
Other studies have not shown significant increases in aluminum deposits in the brains of AD patients. If you look up "neurofibrillary degeneration" you will find that examining aluminum deposits in brain tissue is somewhat complicated. Also the aluminum deposits may be a result of AD, not a cause.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2725861
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7367858
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0197458086901028
One thing is for sure. There is a relationship between aluminum and neurodegenerative disease. In the 1960's scientists discovered that exposing rabbits' brains to aluminum cause nerve cell damage that resembled AD. Doctors in the 60's also noted that some patients undergoing long-term dialysis developed a neurodegenerative disease resembling Dementia due to a buildup of aluminum in the bloodstream.
http://www.alz.org/alzwa/documents/alzwa_resource_ad_fs_aluminum.pdf.
Since not everyone exposed to elevated aluminum levels gets struck with neurodegenerative disease, a genetic component is likely involved. Dr. John McDougall reviews the dangers of aluminum and sites research studies dating back to 1885 that show aluminum to be toxic to the nervous tissues of animals. He acknowledges there is a "normal" dietary intake of aluminum that is about 3-5 mg/day. However, only a very small percentage is absorbed into the body. But for some individuals, their bodies seem to absorb aluminum more readily. They may also have unhealthy kidneys which aren't eliminating the majority of this 3-5 mg/day intake of aluminum from the body. (http://www.rense.com/general37/alum.htm)
Why doesn't the FDA regulate the use of aluminum, since research shows it can be harmful, even deadly. Actually the FDA has an extensive list of chemicals and additives not regulated for use in food, body products, and medicine. Aluminum is one of MANY substances exempt from testing for safety by the FDA.
http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfCFR/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=73
The FDA classifies aluminum as GRAS (Generally Regarded as Safe). The FDA doesn't put restrictions on the amount of aluminum used food and other product, and admits to the dangers of high aluminum exposure, while simultaneously protecting themselves by saying that the various chemically altered forms of aluminum haven't been sufficiently researched:
"There is no evidence in the available information on aluminum ammonium sulfate, aluminum potassium sulfate, aluminum sodium sulfate, aluminum sulfate, acidic sodium aluminum phosphate, basic sodium aluminum phosphate, and aluminum hydroxide that demonstrates, or suggests reasonable grounds to suspect, a hazard to the public when they are used at levels that are now current or that might reasonably be expected in the future."
http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fcn/fcnDetailNavigation.cfm?rpt=scogsListing&id=20
This outdated FDA document doesn't account for more current forms of aluminum, such as aluminum chlorohydrate (ACH), the active ingredient listed in many antiperspirants.
http://www.olivebranchorganic.com/aluminum-in-antiperspirant/
How convenient. The FDA allows untested forms of aluminum to be used in food and products, based on the fact that research has not yet proven them unsafe. With one exception. Aluminum zirconium, an aerosol form of aluminum, was banned by the FDA in 1977, citing "concerns about long-term inhalation safety.
http://anti-perspirant.info/history_of_antiperspirants/
Funny that geoengineering uses purely aerosol forms of aluminum today in blocking out the oh-so-harmful rays of sunshine that are supposedly getting "trapped" in our ozone layer due to chemical speciation, which I'll touch on later. Basically we're using the same method to solve a problem that caused the problem in the first place. Not good.
Alfrey, A. C., Le Gendre, G. R. & Kaehny, W. D. (1976) The dialysis
encephalopathy syndrome. Possible aluminum intoxication. New
England Journal of Medicine, 294, 184
Crapper, D. R., Krishnan, S. S. & Quittkat, S. (1976) Aluminum,
neurofilorillary degeneration and Alzheimer's disease, Brain,
99, 67-80
Katz, A. C. et al. (1981) A 6-month subchronic dietary toxicity study
with Levain(R) (sodium aluminum phosphate, acidic) in beagle
dogs, unpublished report by Stauffer Chemical Co., Farmington,
Connecticut. Submitted to WHO by USFDA, 1982
Lymann, J. F. & Scott, E. (1930) Effects of the ingestion of tartrate
or sodium aluminum sulfate baking powder upon growth,
reproduction and kidney structure in the rat, Amer. J. Hyg.,
12, 271-282
Schaeffer, G. et al. (1928) The dangers of certain mineral baking
powders based on alum, when used for human nutrition, J. Hyg.,
28, 92-99
Schteeder, M. T. (1979) Dialysis encephalopathy, Arch. Intern. Med.,
13, 510-511
Spencer, H. & Lender, M. (1979) Adverse effects of aluminum-containing
antiacids on mineral metabolism, Gastroenterology, 76,
603-606
Underhill, F. P., Peterman, F. I. & Sperandeo (1929) Studies on the
metabolism of aluminum. VII. A note on the toxic effects produced
by subcutaneous injection of aluminum salts, Am. J. Physiol.,
90, 76
The FDA has lied to us about the health risks associated with aluminum intake. The GRAS document further says aluminum is safe as long as it is "used at levels that are now current or that might reasonably be expected in the future."
Well the future is here. People have all kinds of strange diseases that seem to be affecting the population exponentially. And the FDA still avoids regulating aluminum because it is on that old 1975 GRAS document.
There are over 2,000 references in the National Library of Medicine on adverse effects of aluminum.You are welcome to visit the website and pay the subscription fee and read away.
Like the FDA, the WHO (World Health Organization) also seems to ignore the health threats posed by aluminum in food, despite the research. Here is an excerpt from the WHO's Guidelines for the Use of Aluminum: (Notice what I put in bold)
"Aluminium is present in foods naturally or from the use of aluminium-containing food additives. The use of aluminium cookware, utensils, and wrappings can increase the amount of aluminium in food; however, the magnitude of this increase is generally not of practical importance. Foods naturally high in aluminium include potatoes, spinach, and tea. Processed dairy products, flour, and infant formula may be high in aluminium if they contain aluminium-based food additives
(FAO/WHO, 1989; Pennington & Schoen, 1995; WHO,1997).
Read the entire 14 page WHO document on aluminum here: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/en/aluminium.pdf
In a 2005 study testing aluminum levels in foods, the highest levels, by far, were found in baking powder, cake mix, cheese powder, pancake and waffle mixes. There were also moderate aluminum levels in meat such as sausage and pepperoni. Relish even had low trace amounts of aluminum.
(Food Additives and Contaminants, March 2005; 22(3): 234–244)
Relish, too?? I had to go get my relish out of the fridge and read the ingredients. There's no way I would eat something that listed aluminum on the ingredients list. I didn't see it listed. But I did see three food additives: Polysorbate 80, Yellow 5, Blue 1. The aluminum hides in "food additives" which include artificial flavoring, coloring, and preservatives.
If you visit the Wisconsin DHS (Department of Health Services, not to be confused with Dep't of Homeland Security), you'll notice several links pertaining to Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease. If you search in the search bar for "aluminum in drinking water" you will find a record of public drinking water warnings. The document states with certainty "short-term exposures to high aluminum levels in drinking water or dialysis fluid resulted in clinical diagnoses of dementia." dhs.wisconsin.gov
I visited nearly 40 states' Department of Health Services website and found that all had a history of public water safety warnings having to do with the admitted health risks associated with aluminum posted in their database. It seems to be pretty well understood by the Department of Health that aluminum in high levels makes drinking water toxic.
Lots of the research on aluminum is flawed. For instance, when the WHO investigated a news story about 20,000 people exposed to elevated aluminum levels in their drinking water for three weeks in 1988, they published an article in 1989 saying there were no long term health effects. (They spent only one year evaluating long term health risks.) http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/wsh0304_53/en/index7.html
Lots of the research on aluminum is flawed. For instance, when the WHO investigated a news story about 20,000 people exposed to elevated aluminum levels in their drinking water for three weeks in 1988, they published an article in 1989 saying there were no long term health effects. (They spent only one year evaluating long term health risks.) http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/wsh0304_53/en/index7.html
The immediate effects of aluminum poisoning on those 20,000 people, in case you were wondering, included reports of nausea, diarrhea, and other nasties within days of consuming the contaminated water.
In addition to the genetic component for AD, there may be other factors in addition to aluminum intake that increase an individual's risk of neurodegenerative disease. Neuropathologist Dr. Daniel Perl of the University of Vermont College of Medicine reports "deficits of calcium and magnesium combined with the accumulation of heavy metals such as aluminum may play a role in the beginning of Alzheimer's Disease."
http://www.thesleuthjournal.com/alzheimers-aluminum-toxicity-linked/#
As of 2013, independent studies conducted in Norway, France, Canada, and the UK showed a direct correlation between the prevalence of AD and levels of aluminum in the drinking water.
http://beforeitsnews.com/alternative/2013/10/alzheimers-and-aluminum-toxicity-are-they-linked-2792982.html
Carole Cross suffered from an early-onset form of Alzheimer's and died in 2004 at the age of 59. In 1988, she was the victim of an industrial accident that contaminated her town's water supply with 3,000 times the limit of aluminum according to European safety guidelines. Carole had no family history of Dementia or AD, but she did purportedly have a genetic marker, or APOE, for the disease (http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2006/05/13/aluminum-exposure-increases-your-alzheimers-risks.aspx). We also know that there was an unusually high amount of aluminum in her brain tissue upon postmortem analysis. (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cornwall-17246490)
Is a 3,000 fold increase in aluminum intake irrelevant to the 2014 world citizen? I would say no. Take your deodorant for example. Consider that antiperspirant contains about 20-25 percent aluminum, and visualize that one quarter of all your deodorant sticks are pure aluminum, being partially absorbed into your armpit and breast tissue daily. Many studies have been popping up linking breast and other cancers to aluminum intake, based on finding a build up of aluminum in the affected tissues.
However, our skin does not absorb aluminum nearly as well as our guts. In one very small study, two brave individuals applied aluminum chlorohydrate, the active ingredient in antiperspirant, to their underarms, for seven weeks (Flarend et al, 2001). Blood, urine, and skin cell samples were drawn to show how much aluminum was absorbed into the skin. Only 4 mcg of the aluminum was absorbed in each single application to both underarms, which is pretty insignificant. However, over time, this adds up. My problem with this study is that it involved only 2 people, done over 7 weeks, ignoring long-term implications.
In a separate long-term case study (Guillard et al, 2004), a 43 year old woman was applying 1 gram of aluminum chlorohydrate cream to her underarms for 4 years. She developed a strange condition involving bone pain and fatigue. She also had elevated aluminum levels in her blood and urine. Within a couple months of discontinuing her antiperspirant, her aluminum levels decreased. After eight months, her symptoms went away.
http://www.olivebranchorganic.com/aluminum-in-antiperspirant/
We probably go through at least 50 sticks of deodorant in a lifetime. Even at 4 mcg/day, this adds up to about 1 milligram of aluminum per year.
Our gut is said to absorb about 4-5 mg/day of aluminum from food, which is much more than our skin absorbs. (http://ndt.oxfordjournals.org/content/17/suppl_2/13.full.pdf). Food and beverage is a bigger source of aluminum by about 1,000% compared to antiperspirant. The FDA reports an average of 20 mg of aluminum in foods we eat daily. Carole Cross was exposed to about 30 mg/liter of aluminum-tainted water for a few weeks. If she drank 3 liters of water a day, that is close to 100 mg of aluminum she took in each day, not counting other sources of aluminum. Strangely, the FDA today estimates man has an aluminum intake of 10-100 mg/day (http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fcn/fcnDetailNavigation.cfm?rpt=scogsListing&id=20). This would have been considered a toxic level in 1980's Europe.
At the rate of 100 mg/day, a person's aluminum intake would add up to about a quarter pound after 50 years.
There are ways to minimize and eliminate aluminum intake. I make my own deodorant (coconut oil, peppermint oil, baking soda, and corn starch). I also buy aluminum-free baking soda, and stay away from foods with artificial flavoring, artificial coloring, and preservatives, as these have been shown to be composed of aluminum compound derivatives and other FDA-regarded "safe" chemicals. Vitamin D may also play a role in the rate of aluminum absorption and excretion of aluminum, though that role is not complely understood yet (http://ndt.oxfordjournals.org/content/17/suppl_2/13.full.pdf). Also, experts say that drinking mineral water with a high silicon content of more than 30 mg could help remove aluminum from the brain (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cornwall-17246490).
The aluminum we can't avoid is the aerosol form sprayed in our atmosphere by a handful of world government forces who are experimenting with weather control and trying to block out harmful sunlight rays that contribute to greenhouse gases and global warming. Blah blah blah. I think spraying aluminum all over the globe isn't the solution. But it's happening right now, and has been going on for decades.
In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson's science advisors were concerned about global warming. They suggested spreading reflective particles over 13 million square kilometers of ocean in order to reflect an extra 1 percent of sunlight away from Earth. (http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/geoengineering-and-climate-change/)
Al Gore later revived this effort and helped gain public sentiment for the battle against global warming and the need for more research on how to fight it (research directed toward geoengineering). An Inconvenient Truth was released in 2006. It got people to believe they could save the polar bears by supporting global warming prevention efforts. And geoengineering, or the spraying of aluminum and other chemicals into the earth's atmosphere, has become the tool to fight sunlight. Meanwhile, the polar bears Al Gore told us were dying are now overpopulating, and the weather is all messed up, and some places are actually getting colder... What is going on in the world?
Our world is becoming increasingly chemically speciated. Chemical speciation is the disbursement of an element into the environment in its unnatural form. This is what geoengineering does on an extreme level.
When trying to sort through the literature on chemical speciation, I came to a dead end. The scientific jargon is just too advanced to understand. For instance, there is a neat graph in chapter 4 of a PDF E-book called Environmental Modelling that illustrates the effect of chemical speciation on precipitation patterns. View the graphs here, since I wasn't able to copy/paste.
http://www.cmu.edu/homepage/environment/2011/fall/chapter_04.pdf
(Weber, C.L., VanBriesen, J.M. and Small, M.S. (2006). A stochastic regression approach to analyzing thermodnamic uncertainty in chemical speciation modeling. Environmental science & Technology. 40:3872-3878. Copyright 2006 American Chemical Society.)
Great. Did you look at the graphs? Did you understand them? Can you explain them to me?
Lots of "science" being published right now is so densely coded with acronyms and a syntax that could fill its own separate dictionary. How are we supposed to understand this?
Many reputable journals are littered with impossibly complex mathematical formulas used in deciphering the unpredictability element of thermodynamic modeling of multicomponent phase equilibria. It's just too hard to decode.
Not to mention, the entire collective body of research on aluminum and Alzheimer's Disease, as well as aluminum and cancer, is conflicting. I think the government powers that want to continue using aluminum as a cheap natural resource want us to be confused. The World Health Organization (WHO) revised documents pertaining to adverse affects of aluminum at least five times in the 1990's. In 1993 it claimed that aluminum may be connected to Alzheimer's Disease, and in 1997 acknowledged, "Aluminium intake from foods, particularly those containing aluminium compounds used as food additives, represents the major route of aluminium exposure for the general public, excluding persons who regularly ingest aluminium-containing antacids and buffered analgesics, for whom intakes may be as high as 5 g/day (WHO, 1997)
It's important to note here that people who regularly take antacids consume about 250 times more aluminum per day than those who don't!
The WHO is also contradictorily involved with geoengineering. But unlike in other documents where it is easy to understand the WHO's verbiage on the dangers of aluminum, the documents pertaining to global aluminum disbursement are strangely worded. They want us to be confused, I think!
Take a look at this excerpt from the WHO's "Aluminum in Water: Guidelines For Drinking-water Quality," in a section titled "Environmental Fate":
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/en/aluminium.pdf
"Aluminium is released to the environment mainly by natural processes. Several factors influence aluminium mobility and subsequent transport within the environment. These include chemical speciation, hydrological flow paths, soil–water interactions, and the composition of the underlying geological materials." (ATSDR, 1992; WHO, 1997)..."Aluminium can occur in a number of different forms in water. It can form monomeric and polymeric hydroxy species, colloidal polymeric solutions and gels, and precipitates, all based on aquated positive ions or hydroxylated aluminates. In addition, it can form complexes with various organic compounds (e.g. humic or fulvic acids) and inorganic ligands (e.g. fluoride, chloride, and sulfate), most but not all of which are soluble. The chemistry of aluminium in water is complex, and many chemical parameters, including pH, determine which aluminium species are present in aqueous solutions. In pure water, aluminium has a minimum solubility in the pH range 5.5–6.0; concentrations of total dissolved aluminium increase at higher and lower pH values." (CCME, 1988; ISO, 1994)
In closing, I scanned thousands of research study titles pertaining to aluminum dating back almost 200 years, I found that the vast majority of research on aluminum had to do with its economic profitability, according to Scientific American, the oldest regularly published U.S. science magazine dedicated to publishing articles about current scholarly journal findings in all fields of science.
Notice that the bulk of these aluminum studies were done about 20 years after the industrial revolution began. There was better technology to mine aluminum, and being the most abundant metal in the earth's crust, it was a profitable resource for big government, or more specifically, for the private sector that owned the federal reserve. Aluminum was discovered in 1787 but could not be extracted until 1825. By 1845, samples of aluminum were being widely studied.
Here is a short sample of the 1,000+ Scientific American article titles pertaining to research on aluminum, published between 1847-2008. I have not read these articles or the studies they pertain to, but judging by the titles, we can see that the interest in researching aluminum had everything to do with profitability and nothing to do with health risks, until a study 1997.
1847: Aluminum Advancements on all Fronts: To make aluminum the number one Nonferrous Metal of the Future
1848: New Chemical Law
1854: Depositing of Aluminum and Silicium
1854: Aluminum Steel
1855: The New Metal, Aluminum
1855: A Light Metal
1856: Electro-Plating with Aluminum
1856: Aluminum Becoming Cheaper
1856: How to Obtain the Metal Aluminum
1856: American Aluminum
1857: Alloys of Aluminum
1857: Manufacture of Aluminum
1859: The Amalgamation and Gilding of Aluminum
1859: Aluminum Becoming Cheap
1859: Aluminum-Bronze for Axle Boxes
1859: Extracting the Metal Aluminum
1861: Aluminum Bronze - Brass
1863: Cryolite--Aluminum Minerals
1863: Aluminum Bronze
1864: Reducing Aluminum by Zinc
1864: The Way Aluminum is Procured
1864: Aluminum Bronze Bearings
1865: Aluminum Bronze for Coins
1867: Aluminum--Its Properties and Uses
1868: Aluminum--A Field for Scientific Effort
1868: Aluminum Bronze
1868: Aluminum Bronze--Its Properties and Uses
1872: Plating with Aluminum
1876: The Extermination of the Phylloxera by Alkaline Sulpho-Carbonates
1886: Aluminum Iron and Steel
1886: The Dynamo Colossus at Work
1887: A Combined Feed Cooker and Scalder
1888: An Improved Bell Collar for Cattle
1890: Progress of Aluminum
1890: The Manufacture and Uses of Aluminum
1891: Aluminum Works in Switzerland
1892: The Acoustic Properties of Aluminum
1892: Aluminum Electro-Plating in Architecture
1892: An Improved Propeller Blade
1892: A New Air Ship
1892: An Aerial Ship
1893: Brooding Snakes
1894: Aluminum Boat--The Jules Davoust
1894: An Aluminum Torpedo Boat
1894: A Cycle Cab
1896: A Durable Bicycle Tire
1897: Practical Directions for Soldering Aluminum
1897: The Beelin Aluminum Balloon
1898: A Coin-Controlled Bicycle Pump
1916: An Industrial Giant of Recent Birth: The Importance of Aluminum in Modern Technology Necessitates Immense New Plant in North Carolina
1917: Aluminum Coated Iron Castings, Nothing New Under the Sun, and More
1918: Plating of Aluminum with Nickel now Possible
1919: Aerial Conductors of Aluminum
1920: Preventing Rust at High Temperatures: Aluminum-Coated Metals That Will Go to the Melting Point Without Formation of Scale
1920: Quick Dry Lacquer Coating, Protecting the Surface of Aluminum from Corrosion and more
1920: A Mammoth Steam Unit and its Work, Aluminum Dust Explorations and more
1921: What Becomes of Our Coal?, Honeycombs of Aluminum and more
1923: A New and Novel Use for Aluminum
1923: Solders for Aluminum, A Draw Bridge Which Slides Diagonally and more
1923: Emissivity of Roofing Materials
1928: Asphalt Emulsion for Curing Concrete, Electro-Plating on Aluminum and more: A Department Devoted to the Advancements Made in Industrial and Experimental Chemistry
1929: Aluminum on Trial: Cooking Utensils Made of Aluminum Are Shown to Have No Harmful Effects on Food
1929: Cheap Aluminum Chloride Now Available, Australian Motorists to Use Gasoline Mixed with Alcohol: Advances Made in Industrial and Experimental Chemistry
1930: Aluminum and its 'Hard Boiled' Alloys: How a Chemical Curiosity Became a 225,000,000-Pound Industry in Forty-Three Years
1932: Something New--Aluminum Jewelry
1933: Fiddling on Aluminum
1933: How Much Poison Can We Eat?
1936: Aluminum's Future: The Next Fifty Years of Aluminum: In the Light of Yesterday's Progress and Tomorrow's Research Possibilities
1936: Way Down Under In A Bauxite Mine
1938: Aluminum Can Be Plated: Long Resisted All Efforts to Plate it, Final Success, Process is Cheap, Fast, and Practical. Will Greatly Expand Uses of Light Metal.
1938: Molten Strength and Light Weight
1940: Propeller Cuffs
1941: Foil Substitute, Matting, and more
1942: Why are we Short of Aluminum? Huge Quantities of Electricity are Needed to Reduce this Common Metal from its Ore
1942: An Aluminum Torpedo Boat
1942: Steel, Aluminum Clay, and more
1942: Aircraft Engines Get New Heads: Aluminum Forgings Replace Castings, Speeding Up Production and Releasing Needed Equipment
1942: Plywood, Civil Air Patrol, and more: Utilized As Float, Conserves Aluminum
1943: A Lighter Age is Coming: Magnesium is Moving Ahead Rapidly and Now Challenges Aluminum in Many Industrial Applications
1944: Nonferrous Metals Tomorrow: How will Aluminum, Magnesium, Copper, Zinc, Lead, and Other Important Metals Fare Individually
1944: As Metal Resources Dwindle, and Aluminum Ores are Nearing Exhaustion, but the Chemical Industry is Doing Things about the Development of Methods of Working Wide-Spread Low-Grade Ores
1944: Continuous Casting: Practically All Aluminum, Magnesium, and Copper Alloys are Now Cast in this Manner, and Experiments Currently Under Way with Steel Show Great Promise
1944: Refrigerated Metals: Temperatures are Now Used in Treating and Storing Aluminum Rivets, Shrink-Fitting Mating Paris
1945: Metals in the Air: Of These, Aluminum Is Most Widely Used Because It Combines the Necessary Qualities of Toughness
1945: Two-in-One Materials: With Desirable Properties for Many Specific Purposes. Plastics Plus Metals and a New Aluminum-Cast
1945: Metals Fight Corrosion: Improvement of Alloys and Coatings to Combat the Ravages of Corrosion is One of Today's Most Hopeful Industrial Trends, Involving Both Metals and Chemicals. Industrial and Consumer Products Last Longer, Look Better, and Make Everyone Concerned Happier
1946: Steel-Aluminum Rivet, Plated Piston Rings: Heat-Treatable to Handle High Shear Loads
1946: Anodized Magnesium: Holds Paint, Resists Attack Like Aluminum
1946: Copper-Coated, Non-Aging Steel: Aluminum Has Advantages For Electrical Uses
1946: Aluminum vs Copper, Silver "Solder" Base, and more
1946: Plant-Truck "Intercoms," Aluminum Welding
1946: Aluminized Steel, Copper-Bearing, and more: Resistant to Corrosion, Reflects Heat Well
1947: Heat-Tube Material
1947: Aluminum Welded, Printed Silver, and more: By Processes Using Air, Heat, and Dyes
1948: Anti-Friction Bearings, "Impossible Machining, and more
1957: Chemical Milling: The art of cutting metals has recently been extended by new techniques of etching. These techniques not only shape metals but also will very likely shape the design of metal products
1963: The Amateur Scientist: How to grind, polish, and test an aluminum telescope mirror
1963: Minerals: Deposits of important minerals that can be economically mined are poorly distributed over the surface of the earth. Modern substitutions may, however, alleviate some of this imbalance
1967: The Competition of Materials: Now that the properties of all materials are better understood, it is clear that quite different materials can be used for the same purpose. This calls for subtle choices involving both technology and economics
1979: The Amateur Scientist, September 1979: A radiation detector made out of aluminum foil and a tin can
1986: The Amateur Scientist--Retracing the Steps By Which Aluminum Metal was Initially Purified Back in 1886
1986: Materials For Ground Transportation: The 40 million cars and trucks produced every year consume a huge quantity of material. Far more of it is now aluminum, plastic, or high-strength steel; correspondingly less is ordinary steel or cast iron
1986: Materials for Aerospace: U.S. goals for subsonic, supersonic, and hypersonic flight and for space exploration call for alloys and composites notable for strength, light weight, and resistance to heat
1989: Sharpening the Edge: Will steel beverage cans return to store shelves?
1994: The Aluminum Beverage Can: Produced by the hundreds of millions every day, the modern can--robust enough to support the weight of an average adult--is a tribute to precision design and engineering
1997: Is there any proof that Alzheimer's Disease is related to exposure to aluminum -- for instance, by using aluminum frying pans?
1999: Why does a ball go farther when hit with an aluminum bat?
2002: Computer Simulations Showcase Aluminum's Odd Behavior
2005: Aluminum Clusters Exhibit Multiple Personalities
2007: Rotor in Motor: Replacing aluminum with copper in electric motors saves energy
2007: Fact or Fiction?: Antiperspirants Do More Than Block Sweat: Do antiperspirants cause dementia or breast cancer?
2008: Lightweight aluminum v. a hand grenade, who wins?
2008: Mind Control by Cell Phone: Electromagnetic signals from cell phones can change your brainwaves and behavior. But don't break out the aluminum foil head shield just yet.
2010: Storing megawatts: Liquid-metal batteries and electricity
2010: Analysis lags on Hungarian sludge leak: Report stirs controversy as it reveals unexpected levels of toxic heavy metals.
2011: What Causes an Airline Fuselage to Rupture Mid-Flight? How Can This Be Prevented? Cracks in the aluminum skin of an aircraft are commonplace, but the hole that opened up
2012: Buoyant Science: How Metal "Boats" Float
2012: To Boost Gas Mileage, Automakers Explore Lighter Cars: By cutting down on steel and other heavy materials, vehicles can be made lighter, boosting energy efficiency
2013: Cleaner, Cheaper Way to Make Steel Uses Electricity: Making steel in a similar way to aluminum is cheaper and reduces greenhouse gas emissions
Other sources used:
Read more about geoengineering:
http://www.geoengineeringwatch.org/
Scientific American subscription info and research database:
http://www.scientificamerican.com/
Read the online document for the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry:
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=1076&tid=34
Learn about how to remove aluminum from your tap water: http://www.freshwatersystems.com/s-264-aluminum-in-water.aspx
Read about the World Health Organization's Guide for Drinking-Water Quality: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/en/aluminium.pdf
Read about aluminum in deodorant:
https://suite101.com/a/aluminum-in-deodorant-a45498
http://www.infantrisk.com/content/aluminum-rich-antiperspirants-potential-hazard
Read about Alzheimer's and aluminum: http://www.alz.org/alzwa/documents/alzwa_resource_ad_fs_aluminum.pdf
Read more about Carole Cross' rare form of Dementia and the high levels of aluminum found in her brain:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cornwall-17246490
http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread858463/pg1
Read about an Oxford study examining the factors contributing to aluminum absorption:
http://ndt.oxfordjournals.org/content/17/suppl_2/13.full.pdf
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